Sports Facility Improvement free essay sample

The need for a clear and prioritised framework for future investment in sports facility provision is particularly critical given the likely need for additional provision as a result of population growth in the District, and specifically in the St Neots area, and the need for ongoing investment in the existing infrastructure. Given the nature of the District, which is a combination of the four main towns of Huntingdon, Ramsey, St Neots and St Ives, smaller villages and more rural areas there is also a need to ensure that sports facilities are accessible throughout the District. The development of the sports facilities strategy also provides the opportunity to assess the condition of existing provision, and whether it is appropriate to meet local needs and demand and to ensure that potential new provision helps to address any current deficiencies – quantitative or qualitative. In addition, there is a need to ensure that the appropriate quantity and quality of facilities are provided to facilitate increased participation (Government agenda), and improve the health of the local community. We will write a custom essay sample on Sports Facility Improvement or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page There are two main factors which are particularly relevant to the future provision of sports facilities; these are the future implementation of the Building Schools for the Future Programme (BSF) in the District, and the significant area of population growth around St Neots. This strategy will be used to guide and inform the nature and extent of resources, financial and operational, which are needed to ensure that Huntingdonshire has up to date, fit for purpose, accessible and welcoming sports facilities for the existing community, people working in, or visiting the District, and any new residents in the District. The Sports Facilities Strategy for Huntingdonshire ‘fits’ within the strategic framework for planning for future provision as follows: Creating Active Places (Regional Framework) Cambridgeshire County Sports Facilities Strategy (County Framework) Huntingdonshire Sports Facilities Strategy (local priorities responding to local needs and issues) Strategy Scope The focus of this strategy is indoor sports facilities (swimming pools, sports halls, health and fitness facilities, indoor bowls), and Artificial Turf Pitches (ATPs). The Strategy considers existing and planned facilities incorporating: †¢ †¢ †¢ †¢ Local authority leisure centres Voluntary sector sports clubs Private sector facilities Secondary schools that will be re-built or re-furbished under PFI or the Building Schools for the Future (BSF) programme It is important to stress that this strategy focuses on community sports facility provision and the needs for provision both now and into the future. The District also has a significant sporting infrastructure which includes provision for activities such as golf, sailing etc, and a large number of individual sports clubs. These are very important to facilitate increased participation, and encourage people to become involved in activity on a regular basis. Strategy Drivers The key drivers for the Strategy are: †¢ †¢ The need to plan strategically and ensure sustainability of future provision The Local Development Framework (LDF), and Supplementary Planning Documents setting out expectations for S106 contributions from developers towards current and future sports facility provision i Huntingdonshire District Sports Facility Strategy Executive Summary March 2008 EXECUTIVE SUMMARY †¢ †¢ †¢ †¢ †¢ The priorities and objectives for the Sustainable Community Strategy The need to identify what provision is needed in St Neots given the significant population increases planned for this area of the District The need to identify how best to provide for those living in rural areas, where accessibility to sports facilities is more limited The need to increase participation at local level Opportunities for partnerships – Building Schools for the Future (BSF) Schools, National Governing Bodies (NGBs), Sports Clubs etc. N. B The feedback from NGBs reflects that gained in the development of ‘Creating Active Places’ and the Cambridgeshire County Strategy. This approach to the future strategic planning of sports facilities will continue to be important for the District given a number of significant factors at local level, such as: PARTICIPATION LEVELS †¢ The current high levels of participation in sport and physical activity in the District over 50% of all Huntingdonshire residents aged 16+ participate in physical activity (participation is higher in Huntingdonshire than in England) †¢ The Hinchingbrooke School Sports Partnership is now established, and working towards the targets set for the provision of 2 hours of PE for children under 16 plus 2/3 hours of participation in after school sports and physical activity HEALTH CHALLENGES †¢ Relatively high incidences of cancer †¢ Growing incidence of Coronary Heart Disease (CHD) †¢ Relatively high numbers of people smoking (1 in 5) †¢ The rate of admissions to hospital with alcohol specific conditions is less than the England average †¢ The need to ensure that obesity, especially amongst young people, reduces †¢ The opportunity to harness the social aspects of sport and physical activity to address issues f social isolation †¢ The opportunity for active participation to contribute to maintaining higher life expectancy for the District’s population than the England average PLANNING ISSUES †¢ The need to ensure investment in future provision of sports facilities, and the potential to achieve this through identification of priorities which inform the Local Development Framework (LDF) POPULATION GROWTH †¢ Significant growth in population in and around St Neots, to the south of the District †¢ The need to develop Local Standards of provision to inform and guide future S106 contributions from developers District Profile Hunti ngdonshire is a rural area with four main settlements. Although no more than 12 miles apart in terms of distance, the nature of the district means that accessibility to community provision, including sports facilities, is a challenge. Current sports facility provision is situated in each of the main settlements to overcome this issue. There is a need to consider how those living in the rural areas can best be provided with participative opportunities. Huntingdonshire District Sports Facility Strategy Executive Summary March 2008 ii EXECUTIVE SUMMARY The District is relatively affluent, but has small pockets of deprivation. There are high levels of employment and average wages are higher than other parts of the county, although some younger people lack formal qualifications. Life expectancy is high, and compared to some of the other more rural and urban areas, there are fewer serious health issues, with the exception of a growing incidence of CHD, and relatively high rates of cancer, experienced by the population. The District has a large younger population, and a high proportion of 30-44 year olds; this profile is important for sports provision, as individuals tend to be more active when younger. Based on the Active People Survey (Sport England December 2006), adult (ie those aged over 16 years) participation rates in sport and physical activity are higher than the rates at national level. The level of participation relates to taking part in 30 minutes of physical activity at least 3 times a week. Sports facility provision in the District is well thought of (comment in Huntingdonshire Cultural Strategy 2007), but there is a continuing need for capital investment just to maintain the Council’s existing five leisure centres. There are potential partnership opportunities for new provision through the education sector, and also linked to the growth agenda. Current and Future Demand Supply and Demand Analysis It is important to stress that this assessment is based on national models which identify the level of provision needed for a current and future level of population ie what level and type of sports facility provision is needed to provide adequately for a specific number of people. To make this more relevant at local level, the modeling then identifies the actual level of accessible sports facility provision ie that which is available on a pay and play basis; this highlights the fact that there are built facilities in the District that are not fully accessible for community use. This situation, which is common across the UK would suggest that the way forward is about a combination of opening up existing sports facilities to ensure there is greater community access, and developing new facilities where appropriate, but particularly to address the District’s growth agenda eg in the St Neot’s area. Current Demand Table 1 Supply and Demand Analysis 2008 Facility Type Swimming Pools Sports Halls (4 badminton court size) Required Level of Supply (based on 2007 population of 168,200 (2004 based population Government Actuary Department data, published October 2007) 1756. 67 sq m Current Level of Provision Current Level of Accessible Provision (based on accessibility for pay and play usage) 688 sq m Surplus (+)/Deficit (_) of accessible provision (based on 212 sq m being 1 x 4 lane x 25m pool) -1068. 67 sq m (equivalent to 5. 1 x 4 lane x 25m pools) 32. 3 (equivalent to 8 x 4 badminton court sports halls) N. B 3 court halls at Sawtry and Ramsey Leisure Centres not included in above figure) 223 stations +5 -3 938 sq m (of 25m x 4 lane pools and above) 35 courts (4 badminton court halls and above) 48. 26 badminton courts 16 badminton courts (4 + courts) Fitness Stations Indoor Bowls All weather turf pitches (ATPs) 433 stations (based on 12% participation rate (FIA)) 9. 28 rinks 7 (based on 1 ATP :25,000 population) 561 14 rinks 4 210 stations 14 4 Huntingdonshire District Sports Facility Strategy Executive Summary March 2008 iii EXECUTIVE SUMMARY Impact of Increased Population and Participation Table 1 above illustrates the current supply and demand analysis for Huntingdonshire. In terms of strategic planning for future provision of sports facilities, it is important to consider the impact of both an increased population, and increased participation (modeled at a 13 %overall increase, ie ! % per annum, over the life of the strategy). Table 2 overleaf models the impact of both increased population and increased participation on demand for facility provision. Huntingdonshire District Sports Facility Strategy Executive Summary March 2008 iv EXECUTIVE SUMMARY Table 2 Increased Population (to 2021) and Participation Impact Facility Type Required Level of Supply by 2021 (based on 2021 population of 188,400 (2004 based population Government Actuary Department data, published October 2007)) 2,066. 02 sq m (9. 7 x 4 lane x 25m pools (212 sq m)) 56. 5 badminton courts (14. 1 x 4 badminton court sports halls) 678 stations 10. 4 8 Current Level of Provision (2007) Current Level of Accessible Provision (based on accessibility for pay and play usage) 688 sq m (of 25m x 4 lane pools and above) 16 badminton courts (4 + courts) Impact of 13 % increase in Participation over the life of the strategy i. e. to 2021, (based on 2007 population) in terms of facility requirements 2,211. 63 sq m (10. 43 x 4 lane x 25m pools (212 sq m)) 60. 75 badminton courts (equivalent to 15. 2 sports halls of 4 badminton court size) 468 (based on a 0. 5% increase year on year, which is the current trend) +4 rinks 7. 7 Swimming Pools Sports Halls (4 badminton court size) Fitness Stations Indoor Bowls ATPs 938 sq m (of 25m x 4 lane pools and above) 35 courts (4 badminton court halls and above) 561 14 rinks 4 210 stations 14 4 Huntingdonshire District Sports Facility Strategy Executive Summary March 2008 v EXECUTIVE SUMMARY Analysis of Supply and Demand Swimming Pools It is clear that in relation to current demand for sports facilities, there is an existing deficiency in provision of swimming pools, sports halls, fitness stations, and ATPs when supply and demand modeling is based on accessibility of facilities. However, the overall deficit in terms of current ie 2008 swimming pool provision (-1,068. 67 sq m/5. x 4 lane x 25m pools) is not actually a true reflection of the existing swimming provision in Huntingdonshire District, given that 2 of the main public pools are excluded from the SFC modelling on the basis that they are not 25m in length. The pools at Sawtry Leisure Centre and Ramsey Leisure C entres are only 20m in length. In addition, the learner pool at St Neots Leisure Centre is only 20m long. The impact of including this water space in the supply and demand assessment reduces the deficit to 578. 67 sq m (2. 7 4 lane x 25m pools) in 2008, and 858. 19 sq m (4. 1 4 lane x 25m pools) by 2021. Despite the fact that the three pools above are less than 20m in length, they provide very important and well-used facilities for the local community, and therefore should be adequately reflected in assessing current supply of swimming pools. The reduction in deficit is also important as this facilitates consideration of the extensive commercial pool provision in the District, which, while not being accessible to many of the population because there is a requirement to pay a membership fee, quite obviously does provide for a percentage of the local community, who can, or who choose to, afford this membership fee. Therefore in relation to the current level of provision, it is considered that the deficit of 5. 1 4 lane x 25m pools (which equates to 2. 5 8 lane x 25m pools) is adequately addressed by other local provision of water space. This is through the commercial facilities, and also swimming pools at three other local schools – Godmanchester, Hinchingbrooke, and Kimbolton. It is also important to stress that the existing HDC pools do not currently operate at full capacity; this is due to a number of factors including accessibility, quality and condition. Whilst dual-use facilities provide significant potential for effective operational management because they are used for both curriculum delivery and community use, access is restricted during the day to the community. This means that potential users may choose to access other provision they know is open, or they may not swim at all. A further factor is that dual-use facilities have intensive use because they are used for curriculum delivery and community use and therefore over time this can impact on their quality and condition. Although there are significant pockets of deprivation in the District, Huntingdonshire is a relatively affluent area which is reflected by the level of commercial sports facility provision in the towns; given the possible perceived accessibility issues with HDC facilities local residents may be choosing to swim at these facilities, or elsewhere, rather than in HDC facilities. Having examined the possible reasons for the fact that HDC swimming pools do not currently operate at full capacity, it is critical to stress that this current position does not provide a reason not to provide the level of water space required in the District in the future. In terms of future deficits in water space, it is predominantly the growth in population, and specifically that around the St Neots area, that increases demand, and therefore demonstrates a deficit. If the same argument is applied as above, the actual deficit in future supply of water space is (6. 5 4 lane x 25m pool – 5. 1 4 lane x 25m pool), which equates to 1. 4 of a 4 lane x 25m pool. On this basis, it is suggested that there will be a need to provide 1 additional 6 lane x 25m pool, possibly on the site of the new secondary school to be developed in St Neots, to cater for the growth in population. It is important to state that the supply and demand modelling above is based on a level of supply to provide for a number of people; whilst adult participation rates are high in the District existing pools are ot always full to capacity, which indicates that people take part in a range of activities other than swimming. However, the assessment of supply and demand clearly shows t hat pay and play accessibility is an issue in relation to quality water space in the District, and this is likely to be exacerbated by the growth in population. Demand for swimming will increase, and there will be a need for additional provision in St Neots by 2021. Given the specific location of the majority of the District’s future growth ie east of the railway line in St Neot’s, there is potential to consider the provision of a new swimming pool alongside other community facilities. Given the scale of the residential development, it is likely that there will be a new secondary school in this area and co-location (not dual-use) of a swimming facility on the same site may provide a practical option for future provision. Co-location is suggested to address some of the previously identified factors associated with accessibility to dual-use provision. Huntingdonshire District Sports Facility Strategy Executive Summary March 2008 vi EXECUTIVE SUMMARY Sports Halls There is almost sufficient actual sports hall in the District at the present time; the issue is that all existing facilities are not available on a pay and play basis (only 16 of the total existing 49 courts (all courts in the District) are available for pay and play access). Opening up community pay and play access at existing facilities is a priority, before any additional facilities are built. In 2008, there would be no deficit in sports hall provision if if accessibility is improved at those facilities where community access is currently limited, and all existing courts were available for pay and play access.. By 2021, this sufficiency has decreased to 7. 75 courts ie nearly 2 x 4 badminton court sports hall, if it is again assumed that existing hall accessibility is improved, and all courts in the District are accessible for pay and play usage. The provision of two additional sports halls, one, potentially at St Neots, would be required to address this deficit. Given the comments from the clubs in relation to ccessing existing public sports hall provision, and the existing deficit in accessible provision, there is a need to retain existing levels of sports hall in the District, and indeed seek to open up additional facilities. The proposals to extend fitness suites at Huntingdon and St Neots Leisure Centres will actually reduce existing accessible pay and play sports hall provision, and therefore increase the identified deficit moving forward. Health and Fitness In terms of fitness stations, there are currently sufficient fitness stations in the District, across all providers to meet community demand; the same is true by 2021. It is the accessibility to this provision that is the critical issue, given that a significant level of existing facilities is operated commercially. However, there are also public facilities operated by HDC and other facilities available on Kimbolton and Hinchingbrooke Schools; the challenge is to ensure that these facilities operate pricing policies which are inclusive, whilst reflecting the need to levy a membership fee to facilitate health and safety controls in terms of access. Only members who have passed an induction are allowed to use fitness facilities. Indoor Bowls There is sufficient current supply of indoor bowls rinks to meet both current and future need (to 2021). Current provision is located centrally in Huntingdon and in St Neots and is within 20-30 minutes drivetime of the rest of the District. ATPs There is a need to provide additional ATPs to meet both current and future demand. additional facilities are required in the District now, which should be full size, floodlit, and be either sand based (principally for hockey, given that there is a general lack of such surfaces on the outskirts of Cambridge, which means the City is inundated with demand for hockey, which it currently struggles to accommodate), or if demand for additional football can be demonstrated, 3G. By 2021 there is a need for 4 additional ATP facilities. Given that there are three planned developments of new ATP facilities in the next 12 months in the District, in reality there will be a deficit of just one ATP by 2021. In developing new ATP provision, it will be important to address the current spatial deficiencies of this type of facility in the north of the District. The implementation of BSF may provide the opportunity to address this deficit in eg Sawtry. Key Issues and Challenges Based on the analysis of current provision, and the district context, there are a number of emerging key issues and challenges to be considered in developing the Huntingdonshire Sports Facilities Strategy. These include: †¢ †¢ Current deficits in provision, which will only increase as the local population increases; increasing participation will also have an impact on the demand for supply of swimming, sports hall and fitness station provision which is already insufficient, due to both quantitative and accessibility deficiencies. Facility condition ongoing investment in the existing HDC facilities to maintain and improve provision. Huntingdonshire District Sports Facility Strategy Executive Summary March 2008 vii EXECUTIVE SUMMARY †¢ †¢ †¢ †¢ †¢ †¢ Facility Design – the design of some existing facilities could be improved to meet the needs of the local population, and specifically the needs of users with a disability. It is also important to consider alternative forms of provision, or perhaps less traditional type facilities, particularly to appeal to younger participants, where participation rates are lower in the District. Population Growth – this rapid growth over the next few years will increase the demand levels for sports facilities, particularly in and around St Neots. Drive to increase participation given the current Government targets for increasing participation in sport and physical activity, and the existing high activity rates in the District, the continued provision of accessible, fit for purpose and quality sports facilities is a clear priority for HDC and its stakeholder partners Increasing Participation amongst Younger People ie 16-34 years – given that this group has low levels of active participation in sport and physical activity, it is important to ensure that future provision reflects, and responds to, their needs Accessibility eg school facilities, daytime pools, sports halls; it is outside the control of HDC to open up school sites for community use. This approach needs to be undertaken in partnership with the County Council. Commercial sector provision – there is a significant level of commercial health and fitness provision in the District, some of which is of a better quality than the public sector facilities, however, it is not always accessible to those more deprived communities due to the cost of membership fees Strategic Recommendations Based on the analysis and findings of the sports facility strategy, the following recommendations are made in terms of future sports facility provision in the District: Recommendation 1 The priorities for future sports facility provision are accepted as: Current Needs †¢ †¢ †¢ †¢ The theoretical deficiency in accessible water space; this can be addressed by increasing access to existing pool facilities on education sites and those operated commercially The deficiency in accessible sports hall provision; this could be addressed by opening up and extending community pay and play access to existing facilities, predominantly on school sites. The future implementation of BSF may also be an important factor in this in the future. The need to retain, not lose existing sports hall space operated through the public sector. The need to ensure fitness provision is accessible ie affordable, through appropriate partnerships with the commercial sector, pricing and programming policies The provision of additional ATPs (3 planned) and specifically the deficit of this type of facility in the north of the District. Future Needs †¢ †¢ †¢ †¢ †¢ †¢ †¢ †¢ The theoretical deficiency in accessible water space; this can be addressed by increasing access to existing pool facilities on education sites and those operated commercially The deficiency in accessible sports hall provision; this could be addressed by opening up and extending community pay and play access to existing facilities, predominantly on school sites. The future implementation of BSF may also be an important factor in this in the future. The need to ensure fitness provision is accessible ie affordable, through appropriate partnerships with the commercial sector, pricing and programming policies The provision of 1 additional ATP and specifically the deficit of this type of facility in the north of the District. The need for 1 additional swimming pool in the St Neots area as a result of significant population growth. Facility condition ongoing investment in the existing HDC facilities to maintain and improve provision. Facility Design – the design of some existing facilities could be improved to meet the needs of the local population, and specifically the needs of disability users. Population Growth – this rapid growth over the next few years will increase the demand levels for sports facilities, particularly in and around St Neots. There are a number of options to consider in addressing the need for new sports facilities in St Neots including their co-location with other community provision eg a new secondary school. viii Huntingdonshire District Sports Facility Strategy Executive Summary March 2008 EXECUTIVE SUMMARY †¢ †¢ †¢ Drive to increase participation given the current Government targets for increasing participation in sport and physical activity, and the existing high inactivity rates in the District, the continued provision of accessible, fit for purpose and quality sports facilities is a clear priority for HDC and its stakeholder partners Accessibility eg school facilities, daytime pools, sports halls Commercial sector provision – there is a significant level of commercial health and fitness provision in the District, some of which is of a better quality than the public sector facilities, however, it is not always accessible to those more deprived communities due to cost Recommendation 2 Increasing Access Given that there are actually sufficient sports hall facilities in the District to meet demand, but they are not all accessible, the option of negotiating increased community access should also be considered as a priority. Recommendation 3 BSF Given the identified deficiencies in pay and play accessible sports facility provision across the District it is recommended that opportunities for partnership with BSF, FE/HE and other strategic partners are supported by HDC to maximise participation opportunities for the Huntingdonshire community. The opportunities through BSF are particularly important for the north of the District. Recommendation 4 Local Standards The following Local Standards for future core community sports facility provision are adopted by HDC: Quantity Table 3 Local Standards of Provision FACILITY TYPE Sports Hall (4 badminton Court) Swimming Pool (4 lane x 25m) Fitness Stations(20+ gym) Indoor Bowls ATPs Local Standards of Provision per 1000 population 51. 20 sq m 10. 96 sq m 3. 6 stations 0. 05 rink 0. 04 ATPs (based on 1 pitch (100m x 64m per 25,000 population) Quality The future standard of provision for new facilities should be: †¢ †¢ †¢ †¢ †¢ †¢ †¢ The sports facilities are to be designed to a minimum playing standard of ‘fit for purpose’ depending on the terminology of the various national governing sporting bodies and Sport England Guidance. External elevations to utilise high quality, low maintenance finishes, and be sympathetic to the surrounding environment. Finishes being robust and suitable for location and use. Building fabric and services to be cost effective with low maintenance. First major maintenance to structure to be 50 years. Life expectancy of materials used to external elevations to be 25 years minimum (excluding routine maintenance). Sustainable, being responsible to environmental issues in terms of the use of energy and non-sustainable resources and the control of pollution. Use of environmentally friendly and sustainable building services and building materials to be maximised. Materials to be recyclable where possible. Services to be essentially economic and environmentally friendly, which allow cost in use to be minimised. The use of natural ventilation to be maximised. Full life cycle cost analysis will be required when considering the building fabric and services Huntingdonshire District Sports Facility Strategy Executive Summary March 2008 ix EXECUTIVE SUMMARY Accessibility †¢ New sports facility provision should be located within a 20 minute walk time of its immediate catchment area, and where possible, should be linked to existing community provision eg education site All sports facility provision should be within a 20 minute drive time of its surrounding catchment area, and where possible and appropriate, depending on the nature of provision, should be located adjacent to other community provision, to facilitate access and reduce the overall need for travel around the District Recommendation 5 Retention of Sports Hall Space Given the lack of accessible sports hall provision in the District, it is recommended that careful consideration be given to reducing the available pay and play space further, unless other arrangements are made to increase access at other existing facilities. Recommendation 6 Partnership It is recommended that HDC seek to work in partnership wherever possible to address the identified deficiencies in sports facility provision. Key partners at local level will be education, local sports clubs, health services, NGBs and programmes such as BSF. This approach reflects HDC’s role as an enabler at local level. Recommendation 7 St Neots Area The opportunities and options for delivering new sports facilities in the growth area around St Neots need to be carefully considered, to ensure new facilities complement and do not compete with, existing HDC provision. HDC should seek to work in partnership, particularly with education, in the development of new sports facilities to facilitate co-located provision at the heart of the new community. Funding options to deliver the new facilities include growth area funding, S106, HDC capital, a private sector partnership and potentially external grant support. Recommendation 8 Participation in Sport and Physical Activity The provision of opportunities for participation in sport and physical activity across the District should be supported as a key priority given its potential to contribute positively to improved health, reduced obesity and social inclusion. Given the increasing issue of CHD, youth obesity, and the high level of smoking in the District, the role that active participation can play in improving health is critical. Appropriate resources should continue to be made available to improve awareness of provision, increase accessibility and deliver sport development programmes to increase and retain participation. Huntingdonshire District Sports Facility Strategy Executive Summary March 2008 x SECTION I INTRODUCTION AND BACKGROUND Introduction 1. Strategic Leisure Limited (Strategic Leisure) was appointed by Sport England East in June 07 to develop a County Sports Facility Strategy for Cambridgeshire, covering Peterborough City Cou ncil, Huntingdonshire District (parts of) and Fenland District. SLL was asked to develop this work given the research and analysis undertaken to prepare the regional Sports Facilities Strategy (‘Creating Active Places’), which has informed this strategy. This draft strategy covers the analysis and findings relating to Huntingdonshire District sports facility provision. This strategy will be incorporated into the final County Sports Facility Strategy, together with the analysis for Peterborough and Fenland, and the update of the Cambridgeshire Horizons Report (2006) (Major Sports Facilities Strategy). 1. 2 1. 3 Rationale for the Huntingdonshire Sports Facilities Strategy 1. Huntingdonshire District Council (HDC) identified the need for a sports facility strategy to assist in guiding the future provision of a range of sports facilities in the District. The need for a clear and prioritised framework for future investment in sports facility provision is particularly critical given the likely need for additional provision as a result of population growth in the District, and specifically in the St Neots area, and the need for ongoing investment in the existing infrastructure. The development of the sports facilities strategy also provides the opportunity to assess the condition of existing provision, and whether it is appropriate to meet local needs and demand and to ensure that potential new provision helps to address any current deficiencies – quantitative or qualitative. In addition, there is a need to ensure that the appropriate quantity and quality of facilities are provided to facilitate increased participation (Government agenda), and improve the health of the local community. It is important to stress that this strategy focuses on community sports facility provision and the needs for provision both now and into the future. The District also has a significant sporting infrastructure which includes provision for activities such as golf, sailing etc, and a large number of individual sports clubs. These are very important to facilitate increased participation, and encourage people to become involved in activity on a regular basis. Given the nature of the District, which is a combination of the four main towns of Huntingdon, Ramsey, St Neots and St Ives, smaller villages and more rural areas there is also a need to ensure that sports facilities are accessible throughout the District. There are two main factors which are particularly relevant to the future provision of sports facilities; these are the future implementation of the Building Schools for the Future Programme (BSF) in the District, and the significant area of population growth around St Neots. This strategy will be used to guide and inform the nature and extent of resources, financial and operational, which are needed to ensure that Huntingdonshire has up to date, fit for purpose, accessible and welcoming sports facilities for the existing community, people working in, or visiting the District, and any new residents in the District. 1. 5 1. 1. 7 1. 8 1. 9 1. 10 Strategy Scope 1. 11 1. 12 The focus of this strategy is indoor sports facilities (swimmin g pools, sports halls, health and fitness facilities, indoor bowls), and Artificial Turf Pitches (ATPs). . The Strategy considers existing and planned facilities incorporating: †¢ †¢ †¢ Local authority leisure centres Voluntary sector sports clubs Private sector facilities Huntingdonshire District Sports Facility Strategy Draft Report March 2008 1 SECTION I INTRODUCTION AND BACKGROUND †¢ Secondary schools that will be/are being re-built or re-furbished under PFI or the Building Schools for the Future (BSF) programme Strategy Drivers 1. 3 The key drivers for the Strategy are: †¢ †¢ †¢ †¢ †¢ †¢ †¢ The need to plan strategically and ensure sustainability of future provision The Local Development Framework (LDF), and Supplementary Planning Documents setting out expectations for S106 contributions from developers towards current and future sports facility provision The priorities and objectives for the Sustainable Community Strategy The need to identify what provision is needed in St Neots given the significant population increases planne d for this area of the District The need to identify how best to provide for those living in rural areas, where accessibility to sports facilities is more limited The need to increase participation at local level Opportunities for partnerships – Building Schools for the Future (BSF) Schools, National Governing Bodies (NGBs), Sports Clubs etc. N. B The feedback from NGBs reflects that gained in the development of ‘Creating Active Places’ and the Cambridgeshire County Strategy. 1. 4 This approach to the future strategic planning of sports facilities will continue to be important for the District given a number of significant factors at local level, such as: PARTICIPATION LEVELS †¢ The current high levels of participation in sport and physical activity in the District over 50% of all Huntingdonshire residents aged 16+ participate in physical activity (participation is higher in Huntingdonshire than in England) †¢ The Hinchingbrooke School Sports Partnership is now established, and worki ng towards the targets set for the provision of 2 hours of PE for children under 16 plus 2/3 hours of participation in after school sports and physical activity HEALTH CHALLENGES †¢ Relatively high incidences of cancer †¢ Growing incidence of Coronary Heart Disease (CHD) †¢ Relatively high numbers of people smoking (1 in 5) †¢ The rate of admissions to hospital with alcohol specific conditions is less than the England average †¢ The need to ensure hat obesity, especially amongst young people, reduces †¢ The opportunity to harness the social aspects of sport and physical activity to address issues of social isolation †¢ The opportunity for active participation to contribute to maintaining higher life expectancy for the District’s population than the England average POPULATION GROWTH †¢ Significant growth in population in and around St Neots, to the south of the District Huntingdonshire District Sports Facility Strategy Draft Report March 2008 2 SECTION I INTRODUCTION AND BACKGROUND PLANNING ISSUES †¢ The need to ensure investment in future provision of sports facilities, and the potential to achieve this through identification of priorities which inform the Local Development Framework (LDF) The need to develop Local Standards of provision to inform and guide future S106 contributions from developers Huntingdonshire District – A Profile 1. 15 Huntingdonshire is a rural area o f nearly 350 sq miles and is located within the County of Cambridgeshire. Historically it was a county in its own right. The population is around 168,200 with half living in the four market towns of Huntingdon (population 19,910), St Neots (population 26,230), St Ives (population 15,860) and Ramsey (population 6,070), with the remaining residents distributed within key settlements and rural villages. The District has two rivers running through it, the River Great Ouse through the market towns (except Ramsey) and the River Nene to the north. The Districts market towns and villages reflect the areas history associated with both Roman and Anglo Saxon settlements. The District has excellent transport links to the A1 and A14, which in turn links to the M1, M11, and M6. The District has a high level of out-commuting at around 35%. The council along with other districts, county council, EEDA and GO East is part of the local ‘infrastructure partnership’ to deliver the Government’s sustainable communities plan in the Cambridge sub region. Huntingdonshire’s current strategies look at addressing the negative effects of isolation ensuring that all residents, irrespective of their location, can access culture and cultural services. The majority of housing and economic growth has been, and will continue to be, located within the district’s largest towns of Huntingdon and St Neots, although HDC has also planned development in other market towns such as St Ives and Ramsey. 1. 16 1. 17 1. 18 1. 19 1. 20 Huntingdonshire District Sports Facility Strategy Draft Report March 2008 3 SECTION I INTRODUCTION AND BACKGROUND 1. 21 The map below shows the District and its main population settlements: Summary 1. 22 Huntingdonshire is a rural area with four main settlements. Although no more than 12 miles apart in terms of distance, the nature of the district means that accessibility to community provision, including sports facilities, is a challenge. Current sports facility provision is situated in each of the main settlements to overcome this issue. There is a need to consider how those living in the rural areas can best be provided with participative opportunities. Sports facility provision in the District is well thought of (comment in Huntingdonshire Cultural Strategy 2007), but there is a continuing need for capital investment just to maintain the Council’s existing five leisure centres. There are potential partnership opportunities for new provision through the education sector, and also linked to the growth agenda. 4 1. 23 Huntingdonshire District Sports Facility Strategy Draft Report March 2008 SECTION II –STRATEGIC CONTEXT National Context 2. The national context which informs the overall need for a strategic approach to the future planning of sports facilities at local level is summarised in Table 1, Appendix 3; this demonstrates the Government priorities in relation to health, physical activity and increa sing participation. Huntingdonshire District Sports Facility Strategy Draft Report March 2008 5 SECTION II –STRATEGIC CONTEXT Local Context Review of Strategic Documents 2. 2 The local context for the development of the sports facility strategy is summarised below. Given the clear focus on improving health and overall quality of life in the District, there is potential for provision of sport and physical activity to play a key role in contributing to the achievement of these local objectives. Local Authority Huntingdonshire District Council Strategic Document Huntingdonshireâ€Å"Growing successCorporate Plan 2007/8† Vision / Main Aim(s): The Council’s Vision is for Huntingdonshire to become a place where future generations have a good quality of life and enjoy: †¢ Continued economic success †¢ Opportunities for all †¢ An environment that is protected and improved The Council’s aims for the community are: †¢ †¢ †¢ †¢ †¢ †¢ A clean, green and attractive place Housing that meets the local need Safe, vibrant and inclusive communities Healthy living Access to services and transport A strong diverse economy Key Priorities Priorities stemming from these aims: Community: †¢ †¢ †¢ †¢ †¢ †¢ †¢ Enable provision of affordable housing Achieve low level of homelessness Lower carbon emissions Improve access to Council services Promote healthy lifestyle choice Promote development opportu nities in and around market towns Enhance public, community and specialist transport into and around the market towns Other Relevant Info Council: †¢ †¢ †¢ †¢ †¢ Make performance management more effective and transparent Re-balance saving and spending to ensure resources are available to achieve council priorities Reduce number of car journeys to work by employees Build new operations centre and headquarters Be an employer people want to work for. The Council’s Corporate Aims are: †¢ Improve systems and practices †¢ Learn and develop †¢ Maintain sound finances Huntingdonshire District Sports Facility Strategy Draft Report March 2008 6 SECTION II –STRATEGIC CONTEXT Local Authority Huntingdonshire District Council Strategic Document Open Space, Sport Recreation Needs Assessment Audit (August 2006) Vision / Main Aim(s): Section 7 – Outdoor Sports Key Priorities Overview of findings:†¢ Overall, the most common travel method for visiting outdoor sports facilities is walking (50. 1%), followed by car 38. 8%. The most frequent travel time to the facility was between five and ten minutes (37%), followed by between 11 and 14 minutes (29%). Consultation highlights that there is a relatively even distribution of outdoor sports facilities across the district, with a large proportion owned and managed by Parish Councils. The majority of use of the outdoor sports facilities within Huntingdonshire District is by formal clubs, and there is relatively little casual use of pitches. Provision of tennis and bowls within Huntingdonshire is predominately focused around the club structure, with most facilities in club ownership or leased to clubs. Consultation suggests that access to training facilities is a key issues, with only limited slots available at synthetic pitches for clubs wishing to train midweek. Other Relevant Info The Cambridge sub-region is the fastest growing area in the country. This significant increase in population will have far reaching consequences and will place demands on infrastructure and capacity of local services e. g. health services, transport and leisure facilities. †¢ †¢ †¢ †¢ Section 8 – Playing Pitch Strategy The key areas of this part of the study included:†¢ Analysing the current level of pitch Overall, the research methods outlined identified 237 playing pitches in the District (all known public, private, school and other pitches). They compromise: †¢ 88 adult football pitches Huntingdonshire District Sports Facility Strategy Draft Report March 2008 7 SECTION II –STRATEGIC CONTEXT Local Authority Strategic Document Vision / Main Aim(s): provision within the District †¢ Assisting the Council in meeting playing pitch requirements †¢ Providing information for decision-making and future development proposals All calculations covered the following sports – association football, rugby, cricket, and hockey Key Priorities †¢ 54 junior football pitches †¢ 14 mini soccer pitches †¢ 43 cricket pitches †¢ 7 adult rugby pitches †¢ 7 junior rugby pitches †¢ 1 junior rugby league pitch †¢ 7 adult grass hockey pitches †¢ 19 synthetic turf pitches Research showed that Huntingdonshire has a good number of football, cricket and hockey pitches for formal adult use in comparison to the national average. Huntingdonshire Cultural Strategy 2007 2010 To enhance the quality of life and ensure that all of Huntingdonshire’s residents have the opportunity to pursue a wide range of highquality, sustainable cultural activities that fully reflect the diverse needs of the district THEME 1 Improve access to culture and leisure opportunities THEME 2 Develop and improve life-long learning THEME 3 Develop vibrant communities which are safer, healthier, cohesive and economically sustainable Other Relevant Info Huntingdonshire District Sports Facility Strategy Draft Report March 2008 8 SECTION II –STRATEGIC CONTEXT Local Demographic Profile 2. 2 A review of local demographics is important to: †¢ †¢ †¢ 2. 3 Assess whether local facilities, often built some time ago, are located in the right place in relation to key population settlements Identify where there is likely to be population growth and additional demand for facilities Review the local population profile to identify particular inequalities e. g. health within Huntingdonshire It is also important to consider the demographic make up of the District as key demographic and socio-economic characteristics are known to influence demand characteristics. For example certain age-groups are known to register higher participation rates in a number of sport and leisure activities; deprived communities often experience issues relating to access to services and opportunities; cultural backgrounds may result in some passive and active recreation pursuits being favoured over others; car ownership levels can impact on the range of facilities that can be accessed. A brief review of the key demographics (Source Census 2001 data) for the area shows that: Overall population: According to 2004 based population data (Government Actuary Department (GAD)) published in October 2007, the 2007 population for the District is 168,200, increasing to 188,400 by 2021. The GAD figures have been used as the basis for supply and demand modelling to inform the sports facilities strategy. The age structure of Huntingdonshire’s population is very similar to the averages for England in terms of the proportion of the population aged between 20 and 50 years. Huntingdonshire has a higher proportion of children, teenagers and adults aged 0-14, and 30-54 and a lower proportion of those aged 54 and over. 24. 4% of the population are aged between 30-44. Ethnicity. Huntingdonshire’s ethnic mix is the same as the national average with some 97% describing themselves as white. The next largest ethnic group (2. 8%) in Huntingdonshire is from black and minority ethnic groups (BME). Deprivation Indices. Huntingdonshire District is a predominantly prosperous area, benefiting from higher than average earnings, low unemployment and crime. However, the 2007 Indices of Deprivation show that of the 20% most deprived wards in Cambridgeshire, 11 are now in Huntingdonshire. These are Super Output Areas of which the most severe area of deprivation is Huntingdon North ward. The population density in Huntingdonshire is lower than the England average of 3. 87 (Office for National Statistics (ONS) data for 2005). This reflects the rural aspect of the area. 2. 4 2. 5 2. 6 2. 7 2. 8 2. 9 2. 10 Car Ownership –4% more households in the District have access to 2 or more cars than the England average. This very high rate reflects the rural nature of the District. Education Despite the District’s relative prosperity, in 2004 15% of school leavers left education with no qualifications; 25% of 16-74 year olds in the District have no formal qualifications. Department of Health – Local Authority Profile 2. 11 Local authority health profiles are designed to show the health of people in each local authority area, and include comparisons with other similar populations. Profiles are produced by Public Health Observatories and are updated annually. With other local information e. g. Community Plans, Local Area Agreements, these profiles demonstrate where action can be taken to improve people’s health and reduce inequalities. Key points extracted from the 2007 profiles covering Cambridgeshire include: Huntingdonshire †¢ †¢ It is estimated that in Huntingdonshire 1 adult in 4 eats healthily and 1 in 6 binge drinks. Although estimated smoking rates are below average, 1 adult in 5 still smokes Life expectancy for both men and women is higher than the England average 2. 12 Huntingdonshire District Sports Facility Strategy Draft Report March 2008 9 SECTION II –STRATEGIC CONTEXT †¢ †¢ †¢ †¢ Rates of early deaths from cancer are similar to those in England but have shown no improvement in trends over the last 4 years The rate of admission to hospital with alcohol specific conditions is lower than the England average CHD is a growing problem in the District Obesity levels, particularly amongst young people are also a growing issue Summary 2. 3 Huntingdonshire District is relatively affluent, but has small pockets of deprivation. There are high levels of employment and average wages are higher than other parts of the county, although some younger people lack formal qualifications. Life expectancy is high, and compared to some of the other more rural and urban areas, there are fewer serious health issues, with the exception of a growing incidence of CHD, and relatively high rates of cancer, experienced by the population. The District has a large younger population, and a high proportion of 30-44 year olds; this profile is important for sports provision, as individuals tend to be more active when younger.

Essay for a study on high fantasy prone people Essay Example

Essay for a study on high fantasy prone people Essay Example Essay for a study on high fantasy prone people Essay Essay for a study on high fantasy prone people Essay When a police report is filed, a statement taken from a witness, or a video recording of an interrogation is made there is one thing we need from all of them. The truth is a vital part of our Judicial system. Sometimes the guilty go free, and sometimes the innocent get punished. If there was a way to cut back on an innocent person being found guilty, wouldnt we want to help? This study research is to see if people who lie or tell the truth have a common area when they do it. It would be helpful to know if liars used fewer details, or if there was something that gave them away most of the mime. The cops, Judges, and lawyers would know what to look for in the statements and interviews they review. In the study they used criteria-based content analysis and linguistic inquiry and word count when examine statements. Are they accurate? Should we be relying on the information they supply? Are people who are high fantasy prone better at tricking the results to look like they are telling the truth? The expectation was that high fantasy prone people would have an ability to tell detailed stories and be rich in the characteristics of CAB and low for LAIC. The studies could how that high fantasy people are better or worse at lying in their statements, which could make these methods of trying to figure out a truth from a lie inaccurate. This information could impact whether officials use the CAB or the LAIC methods. The study used college students who were in their first year of psychology, drama, or art. To figure out the participants to use, they had the students fill out a questionnaire on their fantasy levels. The students who scored really high and really low were chosen. The students who score high were the high fantasy students, and the low scoring students had a low level of fantasy. It was 60 participants total for the study. 30 for the high fantasy consisted of 3 psychology students, 2 drama students, and 25 art students. The 30 for the low fantasy group consisted of 30 psychology students. There were 12 men and 18 women in the high fantasy group, and 18 men and 12 women in the low fantasy group. The mean age for the high fantasy group was 22. 5 and for the low group it was 21 . 1. The study consisted of all 60 students writing two stories. The stories had to be at least 400 words. One story had to be the truth and the other false. Both stories had to be about the subject being the victim of some vent. They were looking for certain characteristics like certain words. The Judges were not informed of the fantasy status before Judging the stories. One of the results from the study show that people who have a high fantasy prone life are more likely to score higher on the CAB criteria. Based on their findings, the high fantasy group actually scored higher on the CAB method versus the truth tellers. The results on table 2 show the parameters for CAB. In reviewing the high fantasy group, there wasnt much of a score difference in the true versus fabricated scores for the high antsy prone people. The low fantasy group scored higher on the CAB test in the true column versus fabricated. For the LAIC parameters the high fantasy students scores varied based on the specific parameter. It wasnt as cut and dry as the CAB. This was the same for the low fantasy group as well. The implications of this question out if the truth is being told instead of this method. For the CAB it is imperative that officials review the person and see where they are on a fantasy scale. The higher fantasy students scored better at lying than the low fantasy telling the truth. This is o important to know because people could be wrongfully convicted based on a testimony of a witness. They can also use the knowledge to help with sexual assault cases where there is a question of truth. For the LAIC they found a few helpful things to know while reviewing someones results. For instance, high fantasy prone students were better at convincing you they were personally involved with something. In short this study will help tweak techniques to know the difference for high fantasy and how to make a baseline for truth which will help determine who is really truthful in an event.

What Is A Good SAT Essay Score

What Is A Good SAT Essay Score SAT / ACT Prep Online Guides and Tips SAT Essay scoring can be tricky to figure out. Maybe you've already created target goals for your SAT score, following our guide, so you at least have that score goal set. But where does your essay score fit into all this? What is a good SAT essay score? This article will answer those questions. Note: The information in this article is for the old (pre-March-2016) SAT essay, which was scored out of 12 and part of the Writing section. Scores for the March 2016 SAT were only released May 10th, 2016, which means that data on percentiles and averages aren't going to be available for a while yet. We'll update this article as soon as the information comes out. feature image credit: Doing Great by Eli Christman, used under CC BY 2.0/Cropped from original. What Is the SAT Essay Out Of? Before you can know what a good SAT essay score is, you need to know how many points you can get total on the essay. So what's the SAT essay out of? Currently, the SAT essay is scored on a scale of 1 to 6 by two graders, for a total essay score out of 12. Your essay is scored holistically, which means you don’t get bumped down to a certain essay grade if you make, for instance, a certain number of comma errors. Instead, SAT essay scorers use the SAT essay rubric to grade your essay as a whole. Note: SAT essay scoring will change beginning with the March 2016 SAT. For more information on that change, read our other articles on the new SAT essay prompts and the new SAT essay. What Is a Good SAT Essay Score? As with most things on the SAT, a good essay score depends on what your goals are. These goals should be concrete and determined by the colleges you’re applying to - after all, if your reach schools have an average essay score of 9, then there's no need to burn yourself out trying to get that elusive 12. To some extent, your essay score goal will also be influenced by your performance on the multiple choice section of SAT Writing. If you do better on multiple-choice questions, you may be able to cut yourself some slack in the essay department. But how do figure out what your SAT Writing (and SAT essay) goals should be? Use our three-step process, explained below. Step 1: Know Your Target SAT Writing Score If you’ve read our free ebook on calculating your target SAT score, you may already have figured out your target SAT Writing score. If not, it's time to calculate it! I'll walk through the process using the example of Virginia Commonwealth Unversity. First, download this worksheet. It's designed for calculating your target SAT score out of 2400, so you'll have to modify it a little bit. Fill in the schools you want to apply to in the leftmost column. Here's what the worksheet will look like for Virginia Commonwealth University: Next, google "[name of school] average SAT writing" to get the middle 50% of all SAT Writing scores. For instance, if you're interested in Virginia Commonwealth University, you'd do the following search: There'll usually be a collegeapps.about.com link that has this information. Sometimes (as you can see above) the college website will also pop up, so you can use that to double-check your numbers. You're looking for the 25th and 75th percentile scores on the SAT Writing section. A quick refresher on what "percentile scores" mean: 25th percentile means that 25% of the students attending have a score at or below that number (below average). The 75th percentile means that 75% of students have a score at or below that number (above average). In essence, the 25th/75th percentile score range covers the middle 50% of all students admitted to Virginia Commonwealth University. If the sites don’t list a specific SAT Writing score range, you can divide the top and bottom of the overall SAT score range by 3 to get a general idea of what your Writing score needs to be. In this case, there is information about the SAT Writing score range, so we can fill that in on the worksheet: Do the same for all of the schools you want to apply to. Include dream or â€Å"reach† schools, but don’t include â€Å"safety schools† (schools you think you have at least a 90% chance of getting into). Once you've filled in the information for all of the schools you want to apply to, average the 25th percentile and 75th percentile columns, then choose a target SAT Writing score with that information. As it says on the worksheet, we recommend that you take the 75th percentile score as your target SAT Writing score. It'll give you a very strong chance of getting into the schools you’ve listed. If you’re applying to humanities programs, you may even want to consider a higher score target for SAT Writing. Step 2: Find an Official SAT Writing Score Chart The next step is to take a look at an SAT Writing score chart to find out the range of essay scores that will get you your target SAT Writing score. The chart will differ in precise score differences from test to test, but it can at least give you a broad idea of the range. Let's say that your target SAT Writing score is 576 (rounded up to 580). I've highlighted this in green in the following SAT Writing score chart (from an official SAT practice test): Writing MC Raw Score Essay Raw Score 12 11 10 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 0 49 800 800 800 800 790 760 750 730 720 710 690 680 48 800 800 780 770 750 720 710 690 680 670 650 640 47 790 770 760 740 720 700 680 660 650 640 630 620 46 770 750 740 720 700 680 660 650 630 620 610 600 45 750 740 720 710 690 660 650 630 620 610 590 580 44 740 730 710 690 670 650 630 620 600 590 580 570 43 730 710 700 680 660 640 620 600 590 580 560 550 42 720 700 680 670 650 630 610 590 580 570 550 540 41 700 690 670 660 640 610 600 580 570 560 540 530 40 690 680 660 650 630 600 590 570 560 550 530 520 39 690 670 650 640 620 590 580 560 550 540 520 510 38 680 660 640 630 610 590 570 550 540 530 510 500 37 670 650 640 620 600 580 560 540 530 520 500 490 36 660 640 630 610 590 570 550 530 520 510 490 490 35 650 640 620 600 580 560 540 530 510 500 490 480 34 640 630 610 590 570 550 530 520 510 490 480 470 33 630 620 600 590 570 540 530 510 500 490 470 460 32 630 610 600 580 560 540 520 500 490 480 460 450 31 620 600 590 570 550 530 510 500 480 470 460 450 30 610 600 580 560 540 520 500 490 480 460 450 440 29 610 590 570 560 540 520 500 480 470 460 440 430 28 600 580 570 550 530 510 490 470 460 450 430 420 27 590 580 560 540 520 500 480 470 450 440 430 420 26 580 570 550 540 510 490 480 460 450 440 420 410 25 580 560 550 530 510 490 470 450 440 430 410 400 24 570 550 540 520 500 480 460 450 430 420 410 400 23 560 550 530 510 490 470 450 440 430 410 400 390 22 560 540 520 510 490 470 450 430 420 410 390 380 21 550 530 520 500 480 460 440 420 410 400 380 380 20 540 530 510 490 470 450 430 420 400 390 380 370 19 530 520 500 490 470 440 430 410 400 390 370 360 18 530 510 500 480 460 440 420 400 390 380 360 350 17 520 500 490 470 450 430 410 400 380 370 360 350 16 510 500 480 470 440 420 400 390 380 360 350 340 15 510 490 470 460 440 420 400 380 370 360 340 330 14 500 480 470 450 430 410 390 370 360 350 330 330 13 490 480 460 440 420 400 380 370 350 340 330 320 12 480 470 450 440 410 390 380 360 350 340 320 310 11 480 460 440 430 410 390 370 350 340 330 310 300 10 470 450 440 420 400 380 360 340 330 320 300 300 9 460 450 430 410 390 370 350 340 320 310 300 290 8 450 440 420 400 380 360 340 330 320 300 290 280 7 440 430 410 400 380 350 340 320 310 300 280 270 6 440 420 400 390 370 350 330 310 300 290 270 260 5 430 410 390 380 360 340 320 300 290 280 260 250 4 420 400 380 370 350 330 310 290 280 270 250 240 3 410 390 370 360 340 320 300 280 270 260 240 230 2 390 380 360 350 320 300 290 270 260 250 230 220 1 380 370 350 330 310 290 270 260 240 230 220 210 0 370 350 340 320 300 280 260 240 230 220 200 200 -1 350 340 320 300 280 260 240 230 210 200 200 200 -2 340 320 300 290 270 250 230 210 200 200 200 200 -3 320 300 290 270 250 230 210 200 200 200 200 200 -4 and below 310 300 280 260 240 220 200 200 200 200 200 200 As you can see in the chart above, there are theoretically over ten ways to get a 580 on SAT Writing, with anywhere from a 25-46 multiple-choice raw score and a 0-12 essay score. But is it really realistic to expect to score a 12 on the SAT essay if your multiple-choice raw score is only a 25? Probably not. In 2015, the average SAT Writing score was a 484, and the average SAT essay score was a 7 (data from the CollegeBoard; for more on this, read our upcoming article on average SAT Writing scores). Based on this information (and on an official practice SAT Writing score chart), we've created a table of realistic essay scores you can expect to achieve if you're scoring in a certain range: SAT Writing Score Range Realistic Essay Score 200-340 4 or below 340-440 5 440-540 6 540-640 7 640-740 8 740-800 9 or above So while you can get a 580 on SAT Writing with an essay score from 0-12, you're more likely to do so if you can score a 7 or above on the essay. Step Three: Take a Timed SAT Writing Section and Score It The final step is to see what your multiple choice score is now so that you know how much prep time you'll have to put in. To do this, you'll need to take a timed SAT Writing section and calculate your multiple-choice raw score. The best way to get a realistic idea of what your raw multiple-choice Writing score is would be to take a full-length practice test (because it’ll give you an idea of how tired you get from the other sections and how you deal with switching back and forth). If you don't have the time to do this, just take the Writing sections from an official SAT practice test, adhering to the time limits. How do you calculate your multiple-choice raw Writing score? Use the following equation: Your raw score = (# of questions you got right - # of questions you got wrong x 0.25) For example, if you answered 34 (out of49) questions right, skipped 7, and got 8 questions wrong, your raw score would be: 34 – (8 x .25) = 34 – 2 = 32 With a raw score of 32, you can get anything from a 450 to a 630 on SAT Writing, depending on your essay score. If you stay at the same multiple-choice raw score, you'll need an essay score of 9 or above to make your target Writing score of 580. This is a tough essay score to get for anyone, especially considering the average essay score for 2015 was a 7. As you increase your multiple-choice raw score, the essay score needed to get your target score will drop. To use the example from before, if you're aiming for an SAT Writing score of 580, a realistic essay score would be a 7; according to the SAT Writing score chart above, this means you'll need to increase your raw multiple-choice score to a 37 (a far more manageable goal for most students than raising their essay scores to a 9). Actions To Take Figure out your target SAT Writing score, using the worksheet above. Use an SAT Writing scoring scale to figure out the essay grade you’ll need to shoot for to make your target SAT Writing score. Figure out how you’re doing on the Writing multiple choice questions and how much you need to improve (both on the multiple-choice questions and on the essay) to meet your SAT Writing score goal. What’s Next? Get the inside scoop on what really goes on behind the scenes with our strategies based on interviews with real essay graders. Can you write a high-scoring SAT essay in less than a page? Discover how essay length affects your score in this article. Still confused about how the SAT essay is scored? Try our article that explains the official SAT essay scoring policy and what strategies you should use to take advantage of it. Curious about how well everyone does on the SAT essay? Read our article to find out what’s an average SAT essay score. Want to improve your SAT score by 240 points? Check out our best-in-class online SAT prep program. We guarantee your money back if you don't improve your ACT score by 4 points or more. Our program is entirely online, and it customizes what you study to your strengths and weaknesses. If you liked this SAT Essay lesson, you'll love our program.Along with more detailed lessons, you'll get your SAT essays hand-graded by a master instructor who will give you customized feedback on how you can improve. We'll also give you a step-by-step program to follow so you'll never be confused about what to study next. Check out our 5-day free trial:

The war on drugs - argumentative research paper

The war on drugs - argumentative - Research Paper Example Drug wars seek to alleviate the problem, and offer a lasting solution towards drug users through elimination of the sources of drugs throughout the globe. Drug use was prominent in years prior to institution of measures that were assumed to regulate utilization of drugs among the American populace. In earlier years, drugs found numerous applications in production of foods and drinks around America. For instance, Coca-Cola utilized cocaine in drink manufacture until some period in 1903, while opium was utilized for infants with colic and was considered an OTC drug (Toll 427). The other drug that was utilized during this epoch was heroin and found greater appliance as cough depressant. Although people developed dependence on these drugs, alcohol remained the biggest setback yet it has not been contemplated as harmful with respect to other drugs. Various legislative acts were utilized in phasing off drug exploitation within the society, thus indicating commencement of war on drugs. The period when drugs were never regulated showed little discrepancies with regard to utilization of drugs, despite the actuality that drugs are currently regulated. Restrictions on drug use never commenced until the closing stages of 19th century, which led to prologue of various enactment at all levels of government. However, drug trade got these restrictions on racial grounds, since certain races were involved in drug trades around America. The preliminary enactment transpired in 1906, which aimed at directing the cataloging of medications and at the same time, prevent production or delivery of adulterated commodities in trade among states (Toll 427). The enactments progressed throughout the years, since the initial enactment leading to the current struggles towards the alleviation of drug utilization within the societal context. Prologue of Harrison Act served to prohibit drug sales to

Personal history Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Personal history - Essay Example It was my first Monday at work after a happy long vacation. I was walking through the aisle of my Walgreens, when I suddenly heard from the Vitamin’s aisle a sweet voice of a little Cuban girl. ‘Mami, mami, manana es tu cumpleanos (mom, mom, tomorrow is your birthday)!’ said the little girl with a huge smile and happiness in her face. In that moment, a rush of emotion invaded my mind, and I could not stop the tears of my eyes falling to the floor. As I was looking at the mother’s girl with an immense smile, I saw a cheerful girl during the spring of 2000 in Cuba, when I was only 10 year old, and I saw the radiant smile of the woman who gave me life. In that age, I had a straight black hair, brown eyes and rep lips. Although I was a skinny and stylish girl like a Barbies’ model, I did not like to brush my hair and dress up my bed in the mornings, and every day I was waiting for make a new mischief with my friends at school. In that time of my life, my favorite place was a little space that I created for myself with rocks and small pieces of wood at the back yard of my home. I was the leader there! My school friends and I went to there to do homework, study for the tests, make some food and of course, play games endlessly. I had a very unique family. I lived with my father my brother and my Queen: my mother. She was my teacher, my best friend and my witness. Always, every single plan that I did, I had told her before. I almost forget! I cannot fail to mention my little and adorable Blanquito, my funny and crazy puppy! These are some of my most precious treasures of memories, but the storm that would come and the darkness that would surround me, along with the anguish and pain that destroyed my heart would forever leave me wanting to see her face again. Mum had been seriously ill in the days leading up to her painful demise. In the latter days, as her condition grew worse, my

Technology Development Essay Example for Free

Technology Development Essay The causal link between development and historical time is often contested, although there is persuasive evidence of this link. Therefore, this essay will have the following structure: first of all, theoretical justification of the claim that historical time is connected with development will be given; secondly, several case studies will be analyzed; and finally, the counterarguments will be discussed and refuted. Starting with the theoretical explication of the link between historical time and development, it is necessary to admit that power in international relations has been defined differently in different historical eras. For example, once military capabilities were the only measure of a state’s power; nowadays, a variety of economic, social, and cultural indicators contribute to a country’s position on the international arena. Power, in turn, is associated with development, being its cause and consequence at the same time: only developed countries can attain power, which later accelerates their economic development through providing access to resources and capabilities of other countries. As concerns case studies that prove this point, American involvement in World War I and World War II will be analyzed. These wars have had a significant impact on the economic conditions of the United States, although they were not started or incited by America, therefore can be regarded as external historical influences. Different war involvements have had different influence on the U. S. economy. The legacy of the World War I is associated with the Great Depression; on the contrary, US entry in the World War II boosted economic growth. The World War I was not the main reason for the Great Depression, but almost all causes of this economic disaster are directly or indirectly connected with the war. For instance, if we speak about agricultural sector, during the war the government was subsidizing farms and paid absurdly high prices for wheat and other grains, but when the World War I was over, the federal government abruptly stopped their policies to protect farmers. As the result, agriculture suffered from such an unbalanced approach. Moreover, foreign trade suffered significantly. The Fordney-McCumber Act of 1922, Hawley-Smoot Tariff of 1930 and a number of other lawsuits increased import tariffs without any economically sound reason. The result of the abovementioned tariff changes was that European businesses, devastated by the war, could not sell their products on the U. S. market in necessary quantities. It is possible to perceive the American entry into the World War II as an event that has actually ended the Great Depression in this country. Due to large numbers of citizens enlisted in the army, unemployment rates fell to record low levels during the war. Soldiers received decent salaries and were eagerly spending their money after the return from the battlefield. Strengthened consumer spending fueled growth and was a sign of restored consumer confidence. Large sums of defense spending pulled the U. S. economy out of the Depression for the ample reason that such fields as defense and security are very labor-intensive and created thousands of jobs to further decrease unemployment. The necessity to manufacture war supplies had given rise to a powerful military-industrial complex. While wars have had varying overall effects on the U. S. economy, they definitely fueled the development of the military-industrial complex. Wartime production of the military-industrial complex has been soaring throughout the American history. The military-industrial complex came to play a significant role in the overall structure of the economy. It is quite self-evident that the complex’s raison d’etre is the production of arms and equipment for subsequent use in military operations. Thus, military operations following the World War II have only strengthened the America’s leading position on the international arena, which in turn provided for beneficial trade agreements, migration of skilled labor to the U. S. , and a voice in international institutions. All the aforementioned factors are directly linked to economic development. Coming back to the link between the World War II and economic development, several other factors have to be mentioned. War machine demanded scientific innovations, so the war stimulated many important fields (Ruttan, 2006). The Marshall Plan was introduced after the war and helped to secure markets for numerous American products by providing financial help to devastated European countries. International monetary arrangements were reconsidered. Due to the spurt of economic growth and economic devastation of Europe, America became the world’s superpower. War is not necessarily an economic stimulus to the victor, but there was no destruction on American soil, so the U. S. was prosperous in the post-war era. The U. S. got involved in the World War II only at the closing stages of the conflict, when the victory over fascism was secured by its European allies. The U. S. entry in the World War II boosted the growth of the military-industrial complex, and that was one of the major reasons behind the decision to engage in it. This is an example of how a state can take advantage of historical circumstances to boosts its development. There are several strands of counterargument to the statement that development is connected with historical time. The most important strand argues that the development is associated solely with the country’s internal resources and capabilities: for example, natural resources are of greater importance for development than global historical conditions. However, there are examples that disprove this theory. For instance, Japan has very limited range of available natural resources, and their dependency on foreign energy sources is almost total. However, due to historic factors such as defeat in the World War II and Japan’s occupation by the Allied Powers, Japan adopted Western principles of state-building and social organization. Despite lack of natural resources, rapid westernization and modernization following the World War II allowed Japan to develop the most cutting-edge high-tech industry and become the second largest economy in the world. Therefore, the claim that internal resources are more important than historical time with regard to development does not hold. While the claim might have had some credibility in the past, when all important processes were confined to the borders of nation state, globalization changes the nature of those processes by reshaping all fields of human activity ranging from manufacture to governance. Therefore, it is possible to conclude that there is a strong link between development of a given state and global historical conditions. References Ruttan, V. W. (2006). Is War Necessary for Economic Growth? Military Procurement and Technology Development. New York: Oxford University Press.

Women and Interfaith Dialogue :: Essays Papers

Women and Interfaith Dialogue The word dialogue implies a personal encounter, a meeting face to face, where the aim is not to change the other partner in the dialogue, but to risk being changed through the process. For women, the main point of dialogue is to build relationships or to conserve them. "Dialogue among women are more life-oriented; they come out of actual experiences, and they are more clearly oriented to bringing about concrete changes in perception and practice at the very basic level of the lives of people." Women's dialogical practice is an alternative to the traditional men's approach. Most men approach their religious tradition primarily with an intellectual, theological, and doctrinaire commitment. Women's religious positions, however, are not as strict as men's. They initiate discussion, reflection, dialogue, and different opinions. It accentuates the diversity of life styles, types of thinking, tolerance and freedom in expressing individuals' ambitions, and it distinguishes the unique charact er of personalities. There are discernible differences between men and women in their approach to and practice of dialogue; however, these generalizations are not made to stereotype all men as exclusively intellectual and dogmatic and all women as experiential and instinctive. This is not an attempt to idealize women and the dialogue among them; it is only to emphasize the distinctive features that characterize dialogue among women, and introduce some of the conflicts and obstacles that arise. The first unique characteristic of dialogue is the ability of a group of women from all different religious traditions to bond. Women develop interfaith understanding through their relationships with other women. Women tend to know the person first and her faith second. It is through such intentional relationship building that women relate to each other best. In experiencing the other, women also come to know themselves better. They are able to confirm their own faith, convert to another tradition, or become educated about another religious community that exists. As a result, interfaith dialogue enables women to understand each other, other faiths, and their own traditions. In a meeting of men, such a diverse group might have become rather controversial. The second factor is women's flexible approach in representing their traditions. In religious dialogue women tend to make contributions based on the content of their religion in scripture and tradition without being defensive or obstinate. In general, women seem to have a more tolerant understanding of religion, while most men approach their religious tradition as a responsibility that has become part of their understanding of life and reality.

Grade 10 History Notes Essay

The Canadians had to take over the ridge which was located on the Douai plain, in France, and was in control by the Germans * To take over the ride it was split into 5 parts| * This was the high point of Canadian military * The use of â€Å"creeping barrage† allowed the ridge to be taken over quickly * The battle was short * Years later they made a memorial to commemorate the 11,000+ soldiers who died at Vimy ridge. | The Halifax Explosion| * This took place when two ships that had explosive materials aboard, they collided while pulling out of the port * This explosion ruined about 1. km of land mass| * Left many Canadians dead or blind * Damaged the economy * Later months when the war ended, the port was not ready to take ships which was also a factor that delayed the soldiers from returning| Life in the Trenches| * Horrible, the trenches were filled with rats and lice * Soldiers were always cold, soaking wet, and hungry * Trenches were uneven and intricate| * Soldiers were r eally messed up by the life in the trenches. The content gunfire caused soldiers to develop a mental illness known as â€Å"shell shock† * They could develop trench foot which was the rotting and swelling of flesh| Women and World War One| * Men that left for the war, left families and jobs behind * Women took the jobs of the men because they needed to provide for a family * Other women were war nurses| * Without the women urging the war years, the factory industry would have died. Sparked the feminist movement * Women thrived in fields such as journalism, social work and nutrition| * A short term cause of world war one included Archduke Franz Ferdinand’s trip to Sarajevo * Britain, France, Canada and Russia were all members of the triple entente * Contributing factors to the failure of the schlieffen plan are Russia mobilized more swiftly than expected, the British sent their army to France to defend the channel ports, the Belgian forces put up much strong resistance than expected, and the French were able to gather reinforcements in the time to prevent Paris from falling * In 1914, many people felt that the great war would all be over by Christmas * Both sides on the western front built trenches to protect themselves from attack, to prepare for counterattack, to provide safe communications for supply lines, and to prevent being outmanoeuvred by the enemy * Most Canadians were happy to be involved with WW1 because many Canadians had been born in Britain or were British descent * Dreadnoughts was not a technological advance that caused horrific causalities * The only important naval battle of world war one was the battle of Jutland * Lord Kitchener was an important British general * Income tax was introduced by prime minister burdens government as a temporary measure to help pay for the hu ge costs of war * The Zimmerman telegram, the sinking of the Lusitania in 1915,and German unrestricted submarine warfare were all reasons for the USA joining the war in 1917 * Mata Hari was a double agent in WW1 for Germany and French * The Treaty of Versailles was signed in 1919 One of the clauses of the treaty of Versailles mention reparations which was a means of payment for land destruction * A positive outcome of the technology developed during the great war was the use of gas to kill unwanted predatory animals * Poland, Yugoslavia, Czechoslovakia and irag were countries made by the treaty of Versailles * The Canadian government delayed the return of their soldiers until spring 1919 because of the winter weather, Canadians troops helped to occupy parts of Germany, and limited number of ships at the time. * After war measures included income tax, department of health and pensions for the returning soldiers Unit Two: Canada and the 1920’s + 1930’s Term | Definition| Significance| Flapper| A young fashionable women| * Brought new styles (bob haircuts, above the knee dresses) * They pushed the boundaries by staying out late , smoking and swearing. These women helped with the feminism movement during this time| Group of seven| A group of Canadian painters| * Inspired later Canadian artists such as Emily Carr * These artists painted Canadian Landscape, and now ar e very famous now, to own a painting is to own a part of Canadian history| Roaring Twenties| A time of prosperity for Canada | * Feminism movement allowed women to vote and led to later movements in the 1960s * Music, dances and slang words led to the quick development of agriculture * Everyone was niave in a sense that they believed the amazing prosperity of the twenties could last forever, it all came to a crashing end when the great depression began in the late 1920s| Prohibition| The ban of alcohol in a certain country or city.

Week paper

Also, studies suggest that sound and thorough logic is required when applying innovation to an ineffective business practices. These goals can be better achieved by taking advantage of the efficient communication abilities of logical spatial intelligence. Thus, multiple intelligence assessment provides unique insight to practical communication and leadership practices. Introduction After completing the multiple intelligence assessment from the website literacy. Norms. Com, my top three learning styles were logic or math, nature, and spatial intelligence.Math or logic was my highest score, and I believe hat of my three best scores, math or logic is the most useful skill to communication and leadership. According to the website, the math or logic intelligence suggests that I focus on relationships between things and how things work. Additionally, critical thinking is a strength of math or logic intelligence. Some noted activities for math and logic thinkers that may be useful in leader ship roles include organizing complex materials, and looking at things critically. An example of such logical critical thinking would be looking at an advertisement in terms of its functional parts.A logical way of joking at an advertisement may ask, â€Å"what are the parts of the advertisement and how do the parts work together to make the advertisement effective? † Discussion Spatial learners, according to literacy. Works. Com, excel at visual organization. This type of learning seems to have a synergy with logical learning. I feel that spatial thinking is a visual manifestation Of logical thinking. The website further explains some useful spatial skills as working with charts and graphs, color coding, and other forms of visual representation.This skill set jumps out to me as excellent tools for communication. Being able to logically process ideas and then display them in clear and organized visual displays is an excellent way to communicate ideas. The recent popularity of power point presentations which use computers to generate organized and aesthetically pleasing spatial displays in order to communicate ideas show the immense power of spatial communication and leadership. In fact, throughout my previous education I have been very successful producing effective communication with spatial displays.Whether using physical props for public speaking class or presenting power point displays of my clinical research, refer use of spatial thinking. Accounting for one's own intelligence style as well as the intelligence style of subordinates is a useful strategy for effective leadership. Being a logical thinker has the advantage of being able to see how these various different learning styles fit together. When building teams, intelligence styles may be considered in two ways. In some situations it may be effective to build teams from similar types of people who understand each other and relate well together (Watson, 1993).In other times it may be beneficial to build a diverse team made Of many different intelligence types ho contribute a variety of different strengths and outlooks to a project. Either way, it is useful to know what are the strengths and weakness of the team members in order to devise a strategic grouping of working teams. Indeed, the research of Hopkins and Hopkins assert that a diverse workups provide such benefits as â€Å"increased profitability, learning, creativity, flexibility, organizational and individual growth, and the ability of a company to adjust rapidly and successfully to market changes†. Limitation means doing things in new and different ways which may be better than the old way of doing the same thing. When people with different learning types work together innovation can occur as each team member can communicate from a unique perspective. Rather than continuously repeating inefficient processes that seem natural to a particular intelligence type, a different intelligence type may be able to po int out improvements to the process that had been hidden to the other group members from their own intelligence perspectives. Roach and Bed near present a very complex research article analyzing the logic of innovation in business.At the conclusion of their complex logical reasoning they deduced some key summarizations about the SE of logic in management. For one they suggest that when applying change to a business, managers should not only look for simple cause and effect relationships. Instead they should look for deeper logical relationships. In their paper they cite a case of the Jacksonville Sausage business in which a simple linear cause and effect scenario seemed to suggest from the worker's point of view that managerial micro-management was leading to workers' errors.While the same situation from the linear cause and effect view Of the managers looked as if workers' errors was the cause of necessitated micromanagement. However, the authors suggest that simple linear logic wa s limiting the vision of the overall situation and disguising the fact that were individual outside factors to blame for both worker error and the micromanagement. The lesson to be learned was that a more powerful logic beyond simple linear cause and effect gave a richer understanding of the business and the required innovations to correct its problems.Such innovation is the advantage of a manager with logical ability. In a study of risk communication Via visual displays, Lipids and Holland discuss the advantages of spatial communication. The first advantage of spatial displays n communication is that they can reveal information that is difficult and cumbersome to communicate in other ways. For example line graphs excel and revealing trends while pie charts are unmatched at indicating proportions. Second, spatial displays quickly and easily communicate numerical information.And third, spatial displays are attention grabbers. Each of these advantages can be utilized by managers who m ake effective practice of spatial communication. Conclusion Each person is different in his or her abilities and intelligence types, but each uniqueness has something to contribute to effective leadership. Specifically, the intelligence attributes of logic and spatial reasoning are particularly effective at developing leadership communication skills.

Free Essays on Anne Bradstreet And Phillis Wheatly

Phillis Wheatly and Anne Bradstreet Anne Bradstreet and Phillis Wheatly are two women in American Literature who are greatly respected for the works of poetry they have created. Phillis Wheatly is of a patriotic writer. Writing for the love she has for her country and countrymen. She is not shy when addressing the beauty of the land and its people. Whereas, Anne Bradstreet is more of an individual poet who draws on personal experiences based on her through her life. Both women are fabulous writers but have two different ways of writing. In Anne Bradstreet’s poem The Four Ages of Man she is writing about the birth and life of a child. The way the tone is set in this poem is a very melancholy dreary tone almost with a hint of hate. The emotions that this person is going through are feelings of not being worthy. In the poem it states that the child doesn’t even feel deserving of its own mother’s breast milk. And as this child develops Anne Bradstreet writes about lack of motivation this person has and thinks he will never amount to anything. Anne Bradstreet changes the somber tone for a more serious confessional like tone in To My Dear and Loving Husband. She expresses this love with straightforward statements that make the reader believe in this pure romance between this man and wife. In this she writes about her great romance with her husband that she loves and respects more than anything. Love is the most difficult thing to describe but I think she did an amazing job. When Anne Bradstreet said, â€Å"My love is such that rivers could not quench† she hit it right on the nose. Phillis Wheatly on the other hand takes a less personal approach and has a more global feel. In her poem On the Death of the Revered Mr. George Whitefield she writes about a well-respected man. The historical context she uses is the mention of the Countess of Huntington. Also the way Mr. Whitefield dreamed of America’s greatnes... Free Essays on Anne Bradstreet And Phillis Wheatly Free Essays on Anne Bradstreet And Phillis Wheatly Phillis Wheatly and Anne Bradstreet Anne Bradstreet and Phillis Wheatly are two women in American Literature who are greatly respected for the works of poetry they have created. Phillis Wheatly is of a patriotic writer. Writing for the love she has for her country and countrymen. She is not shy when addressing the beauty of the land and its people. Whereas, Anne Bradstreet is more of an individual poet who draws on personal experiences based on her through her life. Both women are fabulous writers but have two different ways of writing. In Anne Bradstreet’s poem The Four Ages of Man she is writing about the birth and life of a child. The way the tone is set in this poem is a very melancholy dreary tone almost with a hint of hate. The emotions that this person is going through are feelings of not being worthy. In the poem it states that the child doesn’t even feel deserving of its own mother’s breast milk. And as this child develops Anne Bradstreet writes about lack of motivation this person has and thinks he will never amount to anything. Anne Bradstreet changes the somber tone for a more serious confessional like tone in To My Dear and Loving Husband. She expresses this love with straightforward statements that make the reader believe in this pure romance between this man and wife. In this she writes about her great romance with her husband that she loves and respects more than anything. Love is the most difficult thing to describe but I think she did an amazing job. When Anne Bradstreet said, â€Å"My love is such that rivers could not quench† she hit it right on the nose. Phillis Wheatly on the other hand takes a less personal approach and has a more global feel. In her poem On the Death of the Revered Mr. George Whitefield she writes about a well-respected man. The historical context she uses is the mention of the Countess of Huntington. Also the way Mr. Whitefield dreamed of America’s greatnes...